1. Position racks in the upper and lower thirds of the oven and preheat to 400 degrees F.
2. In a saucepan, cook the mangoes, brown sugar, butter, lemon juice, lemon peel, rum, and vanilla, stirring until thickened, 10 minutes.
3. Line 2 baking sheets with parchment. On a lightly floured surface, using a 4 1/2-inch round cookie cutter, cut 6 rounds from the puff pastry. Roll out each round to 6 inches in diameter, transfer to the prepared baking sheets. Spoon about 3/4 cup of the cooled mango mixture in the center of each round, leaving a 3/4-inch border. Fold the edges inward to form a 1/2-inch rim; sprinkle with granulated sugar.
4. Bake tartlets, switching and rotating the pans halfway through, until golden, 20 to 25 minutes.
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